New Updated 04/29/2017| Occult Science Dictatorship: The Official State Science Religion and How to Get Excommunicated by William Lyne

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Occult Science Dictatorship: The Official State Science Religion and How to Get Excommunicated by William Lyne
This book is about how powerful economic interests, which also control the government, the mass media, and academic institutions, have used scientific thought-control to suppress free-energy technology. The UFO is only the most glaring and remarkable example. If you are intelligent enough to realize that man-made UFOs exist, then you know that "free energy inventions work", because a UFO is a free energy invention.
A believer in man-made UFOs, who doesn't happen to share a belief in space aliens as the responsible—or even the partially responsible—parties, is made to feel uncomfortable when among those of a UFOlogy gathering, sort of like an Atheist at a fundamentalist Christian revival meeting, or a microbiologist at a witch-doctor convention.


A TRUTH SEEKER GOES TO ROSWELL by William Lyne
http://members.tripod.com/~lyne4lyne/index.htm
BooksOccult Science Dictatorship: The Official State Science Religion and How to Get Excommunicated by William Lyne
Pentagon Aliens by William Lyne
Occult Ether Physics: Tesla's Hidden Space Propulsion Systems and the Conspiracy to Conceal It by William Lyne
Is there a "Secret Physics" with a different set of rules that have been hidden away from us earlier in this century by a powerful elite who fear the technology based on it will strip away their power and wealth and liberate us from their grip? Dynamite comes in small packages, and this little stick of scientific dynamite blows apart pseudo-scientific myths and instills the truth. Documents Nikola Tesla's discovery of electro-propulsion in 1894.
William R. Lyne
Cerro Circle 31-B Lamy, NM 87540
Phone / Fax: (505) 466-3022
QuotesThe so-called "sceptics" of CSICOP (Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal, headed by Klass) are not true sceptics, but rather a clandestinely controlled false propaganda operation of the OSI (Office of Scientific Intelligence, a branch of the CIA's Science Directorate, under its Clandestine Services, Operations Division). Their operations within the continental U.S. are illegal under the U.S. Constitution, but if you read the so-called "national security" laws, you'll see that Congress has betrayed 'We the People' by agreeing to the passage of legislation which permits this betrayal, by allowing pretty much anything the "spooks" want to do. These laws are completely VOID because Congress has absolutely NO JURISDICTION to pass any law which contravenes constitutional prohibitions against the violation of our INVIOLABLE (human, natural) BILL OF RIGHTS, so they are all liable for prosecution by the PEOPLE for their TREASON.
..... A true "skeptic"---in the original sense, as elucidated by the parallel writings of Valmiki, of ancient India, and Socrates, of ancient Greece---should question everything. CSICOP supports the official government denial of the existence of man-made electro-propulsive flying saucers and is a covert creation of the government---involving the CIA, the Smithsonian Institution, the National Science Foundation, etc. The only thing they are "skeptical" of are the assertions of the Alien Believers---spawned by the government's own 1947 Roswell press releases---and the assertions of the other paranormalists, also "designed" by covert government operatives. This at best is pseudo-skepticism, at worst, a massive criminal fraud perpetrated by the government upon the people.  A TRUTH SEEKER GOES TO ROSWELL by William Lyne
The Pogue carburetor was tested in 1935. A V-8 Ford coupe, driven from Winnipeg, Manitoba to Vancouver, B.C. Canada, got 130 miles per gallon. The government grabbed the carburetor and put it on the Sherman Tank, as WW II began. The tanks got 70 miles per gallon. [pdf] Occult Science Dictatorship: The Official State Science Religion and How to Get Excommunicated by William Lyne
Government Thought-Control of Scientists and Professionals:  This is a two-pronged, "divide-and-conquer" strategy carried out through two teams of covert propaganda agents, which I call the "Pseudo-Skeptics" and the "Pseudo-Paranormalists". The Pseudo-Skeptics pose as members and leaders of the intelligentsia, while the Pseudo-Paranormalists pose as members and leaders of the public's grass-roots "alternative" community. The message of the Pseudo-Skeptics also coincides with the government's "official, public" position on science, while the message of the Pseudo-Paranormalists is intended to represent irrationality, mixed with things like the worst kind of religious superstition and paranoia—to make the government's position seem more rational by comparison—and things the government wishes to discourage though ridicule heaped upon them by the Dupe-Intelligentsia (unwitting or useful educated idiots). [pdf] Occult Science Dictatorship: The Official State Science Religion and How to Get Excommunicated by William Lyne
What we presently have appears to be a "covert" totalitarian state...one in which the dictate is so deceptive that the average citizen is completely unaware of it, and those of us who are aware of it are called "paranoid". The degree of this thought-control is greater than that exercised in terms of the prohibition of freedom of expression in the former Soviet Union. [pdf] Occult Science Dictatorship: The Official State Science Religion and How to Get Excommunicated by William Lyne

Red Ice Radio - William Lyne - Hour 1 - Occult Science Dictatorship

Quackbusters

CSICOP

William Lyne was born in Big Spring, Texas and raised in West Texas oil boom towns and ranching country. His bio states that he had a Top Secret clearance in Air Force Intelligence, earned a B.S. degree with a double major in Art and Industrial Technology from Sam Houston State University in Huntsville, Texas, acquired an M.F.A. in Studio Arts from the University of Texas at Austin in 1969, and has lived in New Mexico for over 28 years. In 1975, he rejected a high-paying and prestigious executive CIA position offered by the director George Bush, because he believes the National Security Act of 1947 is an illegal betrayal of American Sovereignty and liberty, and that the flying saucer, as man's greatest invention, should be enjoyed by all. In the first hour, we discuss occult ether physics and Tesla's hidden space propulsion system and the conspiracy to conceal it. He talks about how the secret government—a fraudulently concealed, unconstitutional, corporate-state entity—has controlled electropulsion technology by concealing it and other advanced free energy technology, on behalf of international, coercive, corporate-state monopolists. In the member's hour, we'll hear about the occult science dictatorship. William says powerful economic interests, which also control the government, the mass media, and academic institutions, have used scientific thought-control for sinister means. This includes the invention of scientific and metaphysical theories that lead to nowhere. William shares his experiences with UFOs, which he says are man-made. He also talks about propaganda surrounding aliens, which is all part of a plot to conceal technology.

⚡#FreeEnergy Part 1: Introduction to Suppressed Technology & Science + AI-NWO?

CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................1
CHAPTER I - UFO Counterintelligence: Plugging Leaks in "Official" UFO History ...................................17
CHAPTER II - Disappearing Tesla:
The Burial of Tesla and His discoveries...................................... 24
Tesla's Extraction of Cosmic Energy.... ....................................... 31
CHAPTER III - Concealed Energy:
The Second Lie of Thermodynamics ............................................38
The Universe is Winding Down ...................................................42
The advent of "SMS" .......................................................................... 48
Isolated Systems and Irreversible Processes Forever?.. ....... ......50
Disappearing Mass?....................................................................... 53
Lyne's Hypothesis... ...................................................................... 58
CHAPTER IV - Secret Science:
Thought-Control on the Professional Level .................................64
Epistemology ................................................................................ .64
Thought-Control of Scientists and Professionals .........................70
CHAPTER V - "Alien Visitors":
Thought-Control on The Grass Roots Level.........,.................... 76
CHAPTER VI - The Roswell Hoax:
A Truth Seeker Goes to Roswell ..................................................91
CHAPTER VII - Fuzzy UFOlogy:
Keeping the Dupes Stupid ..........................................................107
The CIA's Omnipresence in UFOlogy ...................................... 108
My Mind and Thought-Control Ordeals................................... 1l l
The CIA's UFOlogy Double-Whammy..................................... 131
Vascillating Vallee ..................................................................... 137
Vallee and the Fraud Business................................................. ..142
Vallee and the Secrecy Business..........., .................................... 146
CHAPTER VIII - La Revolution Technologist:
Turning Things Around
Through Technology ................................................................. 155
Bibliography............................................................................................165
Index .......................................................................................................167
Vita .........................................................................................................174
http://www.scribd.com/

UNACKNOWLEDGED, The Sirius Disclosure Project Dr. Steven M. Greer M.D.

                               UNACKNOWLEDGED

by Steven M. Greer, M.D.
Copyright 1996

Click here for the PDF version.

Can the government keep a secret? A really big secret - the biggest of all time? When the peccadillos of every politician and government leader are prime time news, could the government hide from us the most astounding discovery in the history of the world - the existence of extraterrestrial life? Well, yes - and no. First, the concept of government must be redefined, because there exists the government of ‘we the people’, elected and appointed officials, public representatives, the executive, legislative and judicial branches, etc, etc, a la your standard junior high civics course. But then, there is also the unacknowledged ‘government’: the ‘government’ of deep cover, deep black projects, contract agents and companies, and shadowy mid-level functionaries whose task it is to ensure that the government of ‘we the people’ know little or nothing about the unacknowledged ‘government’. The right-hand does not know - or often want to know - what the left hand is doing... But we’re getting a little ahead of ourselves now. First some background. For nearly six years I have quietly researched how real secrecy is maintained, in the latter half of the twentieth century. What I have found is astonishing, and frankly unbelievable. What you are about to read is the truth - but I admit that I would not have believed it had someone told me this 3 years ago. You may want to read the rest of this article as if it were a fictional story. You may feel more comfortable looking at all of this from a distance. But let some part of you know that this is the truth. This article is not about whether UFOs/ETs are real, or are visiting earth. Let’s get this out of the way first, since it is the easy part: UFOs are real; they are of extraterrestrial origin; they have been around for decades (if not centuries); there is no evidence that they are hostile; there is probably more than one type of life form visiting us; and aspects of the ‘government’ have known this for 50 years, at least. The more difficult part of this subject is getting your mind around the fact that something this extraordinary is real, and yet remains somehow unreal, hidden, secret, enigmatic. That the official government - and the official keepers of truth in the media and science- have been deceived for this long is a tribute to the sophistication, depth, breadth, and ubiquity of a secret program unparalleled in history. Indeed, the story of how - and why - this deception has existed exceeds the extraterrestrial phenomenon itself in bizarreness, mystery, and incredulity. In fact, it seems that the effectiveness of the secrecy is itself related to the stunning incredulity of the nature of the secrecy. Put another way, the whys, hows, and wherefores of these secret projects are so bizarre and unbelievable, that they provide their own best cover: no one would believe it even if they came upon it. It is absolutely over the top. To be honest, my own first reaction to what you are about to read was, “yeah, right...”. But then confirmation after confirmation and independent corroboration after independent corroboration convinced me of it. And then I was saying, “Oh God...” 

Space here only permits me to share with you the highlights of 6 years of intense, behind-the-scenes research. Someday, I hope the entire story can be told, names and all, but for now allow me to paint for you a broad picture and some of the details. This information comes from personal, private and exquisitely sensitive meetings and long discussions with very senior and relevant military, intelligence, political and private corporate sources. The search for truth regarding these secret projects has brought me to heads of state, royalty, CIA officials, NSA operatives, US and foreign military leaders, political leaders and high-tech corporate contractors. The process has been exhaustive, relentless and mind-blowing. Safety and prudence require that I leave their names out of this for now; by the time you finish reading this, the reason will be obvious. This phase in the CSETI project began in earnest in July of 1993, when a small group of military and civilian people involved with the UFO matter met at my request to discuss how to best liaison with the government and military. From an operational point of view, CSETI needed a senior point of contact (POC) within the chain of command who knew what we were doing to contact extraterrestrial civilizations. We wanted to ensure that our efforts were safe from intentional or unintentional military/intelligence/government interference. And we wanted to be clear that our effort should be regarded as a citizen's diplomacy effort and that a stand-down order should exist protecting us from any interference, in the US or abroad. In the previous year, CSETI had facilitated two near-landing events in England and Mexico and we wanted to be sure, given these developments, that we could proceed with safety for both our teams and for the extraterrestrial visitors, whom we regard as our guests. Over the following few months, members of our team had had discussions and briefings with a wide array of government, military, intelligence, political, international and private leaders around the world. What we learned seemed surreal, unimaginable and bizarre. Beginning at least as early as World War II, we found that certain officials in the US government knew that we were not alone, that there were advanced machines flying around in certain regions of the WWII conflict which were not ours, and not theirs. A medical colleague and friend, whose relative was a celebrated WWII pilot, has told me that this pilot was sent to Europe by the president to figure out what these so-called ‘foo’ fighters were. He reported back to the president that they were extraterrestrial spacecraft. From there on, it gets more and more strange. A retired general, who later became right-hand man to a certain CIA director told me this: That as a military officer in 1946, he was responsible for writing ‘nonresponsive’ letters regarding a series of day time sightings of UFOs over Idaho. He said people knew the UFOs were real, but soon a Cold War was on, and later a few hot wars ensued, and everyone was concerned with global thermonuclear war- so who had time to worry about these enigmatic but harmless ETs. Who indeed. Multiple new, independently corroborating witnesses told us of the crash and retrieval of ET spacecraft in 1947 in New Mexico and in 1948 in Kingman Arizona. Now, THIS really got someone’s attention, and the name of the game was, henceforth, ADVANCED EXTRATERRESTRIAL TECHNOLOGY. How does it work; what can it be used for; how will they use it; what if the Soviets figure it out before we do; what if it leaks out and some new Hitler uses it to dominate the world; what if people panic when they learn of it; what... And a million more questions, at the time all unanswered. And thus was born the secret project of the millennium.

After all, at the time, we were working on the development of the hydrogen bomb - and our arch-enemy the Soviets were hot on our tail. What could be more destabilizing to already fragile world order than the introduction of inter-stellar propulsion technology to a world of vacuum tubes and internal combustion engines? To say we were facing a quantum leap in technological capability is an understatement. And we wanted it safely for ourselves. So, ‘National Security’ demanded that this entire matter be kept quiet at all costs. And no cost was spared in doing so. But there was one very large and busy fly in this ointment: The ETs were flying, sometimes in formation, with thousands of witnesses, over the skies of America, and the rest of the world. Now, how do you hide that? The mind hides it. In an Orwellian twist, it was found from past psychological warfare efforts during WWII that, indeed, if you tell a lie often enough, especially if told by ‘respected’ authority figures, the people will believe it. It appears that one of the masters of psychological warfare during WWII was put in charge of this in the late 1940s. General Walter Bedell Smith helped coordinate the psychological warfare components of this problem, and helped launch the big lie: UFOs, even though millions have seen them, do not exist. For every sighting which made its way into public awareness, there would be official denial and, worse, ridicule of the event and the observers. Harvard Astronomer Donald Menzel was trotted out to tell the world that it was all hysteria, that UFOs were not real, that it was all poppycock. So well into the 1950s, a relatively small group of people knew the truth and kept the truth to themselves. When an event occurred which got the media’s attention, authority figures would deny and ridicule it. Since humans are generally insecure social creatures, and more like lemmings that we would like to admit, it became clear that if you wanted to avoid embarrassment, ridicule, and social estrangement, you kept quiet about UFOs, even if you had seen one up close and personal. Add to this the active encouragement of wacky stories and bizarre tall tales within the civilian UFO subculture, aided by the naturally occurring level of crazies and crack-pots in society generally and, well, you get the picture. Any respectable person - and especially the ‘respectable’ media, scientists and political leaders- would have to view this as the ‘topic non grata’ to avoid. (Having gone through what I have in the past 6 years, I really can’t say I blame them...) But this is all very conventional stuff, really. The bizarre twists began in the 1950s when a new model for covert projects evolved; a Frankenstein was created, but now it has gotten a will of its own, has gotten up off the table, breaking all restraints and is moving around amongst us. In late 1993 and into 1994, 1995 and 1996, from one meeting to another, a shocking truth emerged. Somehow on the way to the 90s, something awful had happened: The entire matter had been largely privatized, was 10 levels deep black and was operating outside the constitutional chain of command of The US or any other government. Now, I know what you are thinking - I thought the same at first - but hear me out. Within a few months of that initial meeting in July of 1993, I and of the CIA, Congress, the Clinton Administration, the UN, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the military in England and elsewhere. Our initial logic was first to make the case to these folks that since the Cold War was over, a window of opportunity had opened through which a major disclosure on this matter could be made. The time had come to return this matter to the international community. Right? Wrong! Virtually without exception, leaders in the military, intelligence fields, politics and national security areas agreed that the time had come for the truth to be told. 

Dr Steven Greer - UNACKNOWLEDGED SPECIAL ACCESS PROJECTS REVEALED! PART 1 of 2

Problem is, they had no access to the truth, or the data, or the cases, or the technology or the deceased ET bodies in storage (yes we know where they are and it is not Wright Patterson Air Force Base any longer). Those who I thought would be in the loop were out, and the ones running the show were a strange combination of covert operatives and private corporate interests. From then on it was through the looking glass we go. My ancestors fought in the American Revolution in North Carolina. They fought for the establishment of a constitutional, representative form of government; now I wondered what had happened to the constitution. Like a very bad dream, I kept hoping to awaken to find it was not true. How could I share this with others? Who would believe it? It was bad enough for a doctor in NC to maintain that we were being visited by advanced extraterrestrial life forms, but this? I asked a friend who was on the staff of President Reagan’s National Security Council how this could be true. How could some of the most powerful people in the world - in government, in the military, the senior intelligence and national security areas - not only not know about this, but have NO ACCESS to this information? I asked him if we let the President know exactly who out there really does know about this and he called them into the Oval Office and said, “I am the President of the United States and I want you to tell me everything you know about this matter”, what would they do? He laughed and said, “Steve, if they don’t want the President to know, they will simply lie to the president and say no such thing exists. 

It’s done all the time....” I was stunned by the cynicism of this, and by the clear breech in constitutional law. Under the ruse of ‘plausible deniability’ to ‘protect’ senior government officials, this apparently is done in certain sensitive areas, and the UFO matter is the most sensitive of all. In a meeting with a very senior leader in the intelligence community, whose position anyone in the public would assume allowed him to know every bit of important secret information, I discovered that, even though this official knew the matter was real, that the UFOs were real, he had no access to either past or current information or projects dealing with the ET subject. Again, I was stunned. Ditto for very senior Senate investigators with subpoena power and top-secret clearance. Ditto for people at the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Ditto for senior UN people. Ditto for senior Ministry of Defense officials in Great Britain. Ditto for heads of state. And so it went, on and on. No deception this; these meetings were arranged by personal, back-door contacts and friends. Ironically, these leaders were turning to us for information, analysis and, strangely, action, to get this secret mess fixed. My pointing out that I am only a country doctor from North Carolina, with a wife, four kids, a minivan and a golden retriever did not change this reality. So in my ‘spare’ time, I have done what I could. UNACKNOWLEDGED SPECIAL ACCESS PROJECTS. USAPS. This term - concept, really - took some time to take hold. Call me naive, but I really believe in democracy and the constitution, the office of the president, the importance of a congress and so on. But such quaint notions at some point had to be assimilated in my mind and reconciled with this new reality: That the president, and congress and the courts and the UN and all the other world leaders exist. They worry about taxes, money, programs of this sort or another. But the really big stuff - leave them out of it. After all, these people come and go every 2 or 4 years. What they don’t know won’t hurt them; besides, we’re doing them a favor by keeping them innocent of any knowledge of these secret projects. At any rate, these projects are UNACKNOWLEDGED, and they don’t really exist at all... In working with people on the inside of these projects, you must understand that I had to endure a very steep learning curve. Having never been in the military, the government or the intelligence field, this was all new to me. Please understand that I cannot betray the confidence of those who risked so much to share this information with me. People have been killed - and recently - for less, much less. What is a USAP? It is a top-secret, compartmentalized project requiring special access even for those with a top-secret clearance, AND it is unacknowledged. This means that if someone -anyone- including your superiors, including the commander and chief, the president, asks you about it, you reply that no such project exists. You lie. People in these USAPS are dead serious about keeping their project secret, and will do nearly anything to keep the story covered, and to keep both other officials and the public disinformed. And the granddaddy of all USAPS is the UFO/ET matter. Remember that a top-secret Canadian document written by Wilbur Smith in 1950 stated that he had found that a secret US group was working on the UFO matter, including the technology behind the UFOs, and that this was the most secret undertaking in the US government, exceeding even the secrecy surrounding the development of the H-bomb. Now imagine if you will, this project 50 years later. A lot of water has gone beneath the bridge. There has been 50 years and countless billions spent on various aspects of the project: reverse engineering extraterrestrial technology to figure out how it works; experiments with non-linear propulsion and communications systems; massive public disinformation efforts and the deceit of constitutionally elected and appointed officials and bodies; and more. Add to this active disinformation - the hoaxing or simulation of false ET events, to deceive the public and serve as decoys, thus taking peoples’ attention away from the real action. Abductions. Mutilations. Hybrid babies floating in space and in underground bases. Secret pacts between one-world -government forces and the sinister aliens. And so forth ad nauseam. Tragically, the tabloid media, book publishers, the UFO subculture/industry and the general public eat this stuff up by the gallon measure. 

 Not only does this nonsense serve as effective decoys to the unfunded and unprofessional civilian UFO subculture, it creates the patina of craziness and tawdriness needed to keep ‘respectable’ scientists, mainstream media and public officials silent. It keeps the whole matter safely off their radar screens. From the mid-1940s to the mid to late 1950s, as these matters go, this secret group was somewhat conventional. A number of officials in the Truman and Eisenhower administrations knew about it and were involved. It was genuinely felt to be imperative to the national security that this matter be kept quiet for a while. And I believe they were acting in good faith, and within the reasonable limits of our constitutional democracy. But apparently sometime in the mid to late Eisenhower years, a pattern developed where those who legally should be in the loop were shoved out. We have more than one corroborating source that this was the case in the late Eisenhower years and the Kennedy Administration. First-hand witnesses have told us that Eisenhower was furious that he was being kept in the dark about a number of important aspects of the UFO/ET matter. He had seen the ET spacecraft and bodies, and yet he found that extraordinary projects were underway, and he was out of the loop. Is it any wonder then that, notwithstanding the fact that he was a 5-star general and conservative Republican, he warned of the “military-industrial complex” in his last address to the nation as president? People forget that it was this 5 star general - and not Abby Hoffman - who coined the term military-industrial complex, first warning us of the dangers of its excesses. Why? Because he had seen those excesses up close and personal. Fast forward to June of 1963. Kennedy is flying to Berlin to deliver his famous speech proclaiming “I am a Berliner”. Onboard Air Force One is a military man who relates the following: Kennedy, on the long flight, at one point began discussing the UFO matter with this military officer. He admitted that he knew the UFOs were real, had seen the evidence, but then astonished the officer by stating that “the whole matter is out of my hands, and I don’t know why...”. Kennedy said that he wanted the truth to come out, but that he couldn’t do it. And this is the President of the United States, the Commander in Chief of the armed forces, stating that the matter is out of his hands, and he doesn’t know why. I wonder if he found out before he was killed later that year. Eisenhower, Kennedy, Clinton Administration figures, military leaders, intelligence leaders, foreign leaders. All out of the loop. But all know its real. What is going on? USAPS is only part of the story. The smaller part. Remember Eisenhower warning of the military-industrial complex? Operative word: industrial, private, privatized. In discussing this matter with a former head of the Ministry of Defense in Great Britain in July of 1995, I found that he was similarly kept out of the loop. We found once again that the real secret stuff was kept from even a man who was head of MI5 and the MoD. The answer existed in part with USAPS, but more largely with private contract entities. The US government builds almost nothing (thank goodness...). The B2 Stealth bomber is not built by the US government, but FOR the US government by private industry. And private industry keeps secrets even better than USAPS. It makes sense: after all these years nobody knows the formula for Coca Cola. Not even the President of the United States can get it. The formula is secret and private. Now if you will, combine the proprietary power of private secrets with a combined liaison with USAPS and you build a covert fortress which is virtually impenetrable. Because if you try to get at it through the private sector, it is protected by proprietary privilege. And if you try to get to it through the public sector - government - it is hidden in USAPS, and the ‘government’ as you and I ordinarily think of it is clueless. And from personal experience I can tell you that if you inform the leaders of this, they will hold their heads in their hands and say, as I once did, “Oh my God...” So, what is the essential profile of this covert operation? Below is my current assessment, based on the degree of penetration and research as of the spring of 1996: Last code name related to me by reliable sources: PI-40 Meaning of code name: Unknown Description: PI-40 is a quasi-governmental, USAPS related, quasi-private entity operating internationally/transnationally. The majority of operations are centered in private industrial ‘work for others’ contract projects related to the understanding and application of advanced extraterrestrial technologies. Related compartmentalized units, which are also USAPS, are involved in disinformation, public deception, active disinformation, so-called abductions and mutilations, reconnaissance and UFO tracking, space-based weapons systems, and specialized liaison groups (for example to media, political leaders, the scientific community, the corporate world, etc).

The Life of Nikola Tesla Biography, Inventions From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Life of Nikola Tesla 

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Nikola Tesla (Serbian Cyrillic: Никола Тесла; 10 July 1856 – 7 January 1943) was a Serbian American^[3][4][5][6] inventor, electrical engineer, mechanical engineer, physicist, and futurist best known for his contributions to the design of the modern alternating current(AC) electricity supply system.^[7]

Tesla gained experience in telephony and electrical engineering before emigrating to the United States in 1884 to work for Thomas Edison in New York City. He soon struck out on his own with financial backers, setting up laboratories and companies to develop a range of electrical devices. His patented AC induction motor and transformer were licensed by George Westinghouse, who also hired Tesla for a short time as a consultant. His work in the formative years of electric power development was involved in a corporate alternating current/direct current "War of Currents" as well as various patent battles.

Tesla went on to pursue his ideas of wireless lighting and electricity distribution in his high-voltage, high-frequency power experiments in New York and Colorado Springs, and made early (1893) pronouncements on the possibility of wireless communication with his devices. He tried to put these ideas to practical use in his ill-fated attempt at intercontinental wireless transmission, which was his unfinished Wardenclyffe Tower project.^[8] In his lab he also conducted a range of experiments with mechanical oscillators/generators, electrical discharge tubes, and early X-ray imaging. He also built a wireless controlled boat, one of the first ever exhibited.

Tesla was renowned for his achievements and showmanship, eventually earning him a reputation in popular culture as an archetypal "mad scientist".^[9] His patents earned him a considerable amount of money, much of which was used to finance his own projects with varying degrees of success.^[10]:121,154 He lived most of his life in a series of New York hotels, through his retirement. He died on 7 January 1943.^[11] His work fell into relative obscurity after his death, but in 1960 the General Conference on Weights and Measuresnamed the SI unit of magnetic flux density the tesla in his honor.^[12] There has been a resurgence in interest in Tesla in popular culture since the 1990s.^[1

Early years (1856–1885)

Tesla wearing a folk costume, c. 1880

Rebuilt, Tesla's house (parish hall) in Smiljan, Croatia, where he was born, and the rebuilt church, where his father served. During the Yugoslav Wars, several of the buildings were severely damaged by fire. They were restored and reopened in 2006.^[14]

Tesla's baptismal record, 28 June 1856

Nikola Tesla's father Milutin, Orthodox priest in the village of Smiljan

Nikola Tesla was born on 10 July [O.S. 28 June] 1856 into a Serb family in the village of Smiljan, Austrian Empire (modern-day Croatia^[15]).^[16][17] His father, Milutin Tesla, was an Orthodox priest.^{[18][19][20][21]}Tesla's mother, Đuka Tesla (née Mandić), whose father was also an Orthodox priest,^[16]:10 had a talent for making home craft tools, mechanical appliances, and the ability to memorize Serbian epic poems. Đuka had never received a formal education. Nikola credited his eidetic memory and creative abilities to his mother's genetics and influence.^[10][22] Tesla's progenitors were from western Serbia, near Montenegro.^[16]:12

Tesla was the fourth of five children. He had an older brother named Dane and three sisters, Milka, Angelina and Marica. Dane was killed in a horse-riding accident when Nikola was five.^[23] In 1861, Tesla attended the "Lower" or "Primary" School in Smiljan where he studied German, arithmetic, and religion.^[24]In 1862, the Tesla family moved to Gospić, Austrian Empire, where Tesla's father worked as a pastor. Nikola completed "Lower" or "Primary" School, followed by the "Lower Real Gymnasium" or "Normal School."^[25]

In 1870, Tesla moved to Karlovac,^[26] to attend school at the Higher Real Gymnasium, where he was profoundly influenced by a math teacher Martin Sekulić.^[16]:32[27] The classes were held in German, as it was a school within the Austro-Hungarian Military Frontier.^[28] Tesla was able to perform integral calculus in his head, which prompted his teachers to believe that he was cheating.^[29] He finished a four-year term in three years, graduating in 1873.^[16]:33

In 1873, Tesla returned to his birthtown, Smiljan. Shortly after he arrived, Tesla contracted cholera; he was bedridden for nine months and was near death multiple times. Tesla's father, in a moment of despair, promised to send him to the best engineering school if he recovered from the illness^[26][27] (his father had originally wanted him to enter the priesthood).^[30]

In 1874, Tesla evaded being drafted into the Austro-Hungarian Army in Smiljan^[31] by running away to Tomingaj, near Gračac. There, he explored the mountains in hunter's garb. Tesla said that this contact with nature made him stronger, both physically and mentally.^[27] He read many books while in Tomingaj, and later said that Mark Twain's works had helped him to miraculously recover from his earlier illness.^[26]

In 1875, Tesla enrolled at Austrian Polytechnic in Graz, Austria, on a Military Frontier scholarship. During his first year, Tesla never missed a lecture, earned the highest grades possible, passed nine exams^[26][27] (nearly twice as many required^[16]), started a Serbian culture club,^[27] and even received a letter of commendation from the dean of the technical faculty to his father, which stated, "Your son is a star of first rank."^[16] Tesla claimed that he worked from 3 a.m. to 11 p.m., no Sundays or holidays excepted.^[26] He was "mortified when [his] father made light of [those] hard won honors." After his father's death in 1879,^[31] Tesla found a package of letters from his professors to his father, warning that unless he were removed from the school, Tesla would be killed through overwork.^[26] During his second year, Tesla came into conflict with Professor Poeschl over the Gramme dynamo, when Tesla suggested that commutators weren't necessary. At the end of his second year, Tesla lost his scholarship and became addicted to gambling.^[26][27] During his third year, Tesla gambled away his allowance and his tuition money, later gambling back his initial losses and returning the balance to his family. Tesla said that he "conquered [his] passion then and there," but later he was known to play billiards in the US. When exam time came, Tesla was unprepared and asked for an extension to study, but was denied. He never graduated from the university and did not receive grades for the last semester.^[31]

In December 1878, Tesla left Graz and severed all relations with his family to hide the fact that he dropped out of school.^[31] His friends thought that he had drowned in the Mur River.^[32] Tesla went to Maribor (now in Slovenia), where he worked as a draftsman for 60 florins a month. He spent his spare time playing cards with local men on the streets.^[31] In March 1879, Milutin Tesla went to Maribor to beg his son to return home, but Nikola refused.^[33] Nikola suffered a nervous breakdown at around the same time.^[32]

Tesla aged 23, c. 1879

On 24 March 1879, Tesla was returned to Gospić under police guard for not having a residence permit. On 17 April 1879, Milutin Tesla died at the age of 60 after contracting an unspecified illness^[34] (although some sources say that he died of a stroke^[35]). During that year, Tesla taught a large class of students in his old school, Higher Real Gymnasium, in Gospić.^[34]

In January 1880, two of Tesla's uncles put together enough money to help him leave Gospić for Prague where he was to study. Unfortunately, he arrived too late to enroll at Charles-Ferdinand University; he never studied Greek, a required subject; and he was illiterate in Czech, another required subject. Tesla did, however, attend lectures at the university, although, as an auditor, he did not receive grades for the courses.^[36][37][38]

In 1881, Tesla moved to Budapest to work under Ferenc Puskás at a telegraph company, the Budapest Telephone Exchange. Upon arrival, Tesla realized that the company, then under construction, was not functional, so he worked as a draftsman in the Central Telegraph Office instead. Within a few months, the Budapest Telephone Exchange became functional and Tesla was allocated the chief electrician position.^[39] During his employment, Tesla made many improvements to the Central Station equipment and claimed to have perfected a telephone repeater or amplifier, which was never patented nor publicly described.^[26]

Working for Edison

In 1882, Tesla began working for the Continental Edison Company in France, designing and making improvements to electrical equipment.^[40] In June 1884, he relocated to New York City^{[16]:57–60[41]} where he was hired by Thomas Edison to work at his Edison Machine Works on Manhattan's lower east side. Tesla's work for Edison began with simple electrical engineering and quickly progressed to solving more difficult problems.^[42]

Tesla was offered the task of completely redesigning the Edison Company's direct current generators. In 1885, he said that he could redesign Edison's inefficient motor and generators, making an improvement in both service and economy. According to Tesla, Edison remarked, "There's fifty thousand dollars in it for you—if you can do it."^{[10]:54–57 [16]:64} This has been noted as an odd statement from an Edison whose company was stingy with pay and who did not have that sort of cash on hand.^[43] After months of work, Tesla fulfilled the task and inquired about payment. Edison, saying that he was only joking, replied, "Tesla, you don't understand our American humor."^{[16]:64 [44]} Instead, Edison offered a US$10 a week raise over Tesla's US$18 per week salary; Tesla refused the offer and immediately resigned.^[10]

Middle years (1886–1899)

After leaving Edison's company Tesla partnered with two businessmen in 1886, Robert Lane and Benjamin Vale, who agreed to finance an electric lighting company in Tesla's name, Tesla Electric Light & Manufacturing.^[45] The company installed electrical arc light based illumination systems designed by Tesla and also had designs for dynamo electric machine commutators, the first patents issued to Tesla in the US.^[46]

The investors showed little interest in Tesla's ideas for new types of motors and electrical transmission equipment and also seemed to think it was better to develop an electrical utility than invent new systems.^[47] They eventually forced Tesla out leaving him penniless. He even lost control of the patents he had generated since he had assigned them to the company in lieu of stock.^[47] He had to work at various electrical repair jobs and even as a ditch digger for $2 per day. Tesla considered the winter of 1886/1887 as a time of "terrible headaches and bitter tears." During this time, he questioned the value of his education.^[46][48]

AC and the induction motor

Drawing from U.S. Patent 381,968, illustrating principle of Tesla's alternating current induction motor

In late 1886 Tesla met Alfred S. Brown, a Western Union superintendent, and New York attorney Charles F. Peck. The two men were experienced in setting up companies and promoting inventions and patents for financial gain.^[49] Based on Tesla's patents and other ideas they agreed to back him financially and handle his patents. Together in April 1887 they formed the Tesla Electric Company with an agreement that profits from generated patents would go 1/3 to Tesla, 1/3 to Peck and Brown, and 1/3 to fund development.^[49] They set up a laboratory for Tesla at 89 Liberty Street in Manhattan where he worked on improving and developing new types of electric motors, generators and other devices.

One of the things Tesla developed at that laboratory in 1887 was an induction motor that ran on alternating current, a power system format that was starting to be built in Europe and the US because of its advantages in long distance high voltage transmission. The motor used polyphasecurrent which generated a rotating magnetic field to turn the motor (a principle Tesla claimed to have conceived of in 1882).^[50][51][52] This innovative electric motor, patented in May 1888, was a simple self-starting design that did not need a commutator, thus avoiding sparking and the high maintenance of constantly servicing and replacing mechanical brushes.^[53][54]

In 1888, the editor of Electrical World magazine, Thomas Commerford Martin (a friend and publicist), arranged for Tesla to demonstrate his alternating current system, including his induction motor, at the American Institute of Electrical Engineers (now IEEE).^[55] Engineers working for theWestinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company reported to George Westinghouse that Tesla had a viable AC motor and related power system—something to which Westinghouse had been trying to secure patents. Westinghouse looked into getting a patent on a similar commutatorless rotating magnetic field based induction motor presented in a paper in March 1888 by the Italian physicist Galileo Ferraris but decided Tesla's patent would probably control the market.^[56][57]

Nikola Tesla's AC dynamo-electric machine (AC Electric generator) in an 1888 U.S. Patent 390,721

In July 1888, Brown and Peck negotiated a licensing deal with George Westinghouse for Tesla's polyphase induction motor and transformer designs for $60,000 in cash and stock and a royalty of $2.50 per AC horsepower produced by each motor. Westinghouse also hired Tesla for one year for the large fee of $2,000 ($52,500 in today's dollars^[58]) per month to be a consultant at the Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company'sPittsburgh labs.^[59]

During that year, Tesla worked in Pittsburgh, helping to create an alternating current system to power the city's streetcars. He found the time there frustrating because of conflicts between him and the other Westinghouse engineers over how best to implement AC power. Between them, they settled on a 60-cycle AC current system Tesla proposed (to match the working frequency of Tesla's motor), although they soon found that, since Tesla's induction motor could only run at a constant speed, it would not work for street cars. They ended up using a DC traction motorinstead.^[60][61]