The Good The Bad and The Ugly

Showing posts with label Project Bluebook. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Project Bluebook. Show all posts

Tuesday, February 25, 2025

The Secret Rituals of ... The Men in Black by Allen H. Greenfield 2005 from Scribd Website

 


by Allen H. Greenfield

2005

from Scribd Website


 

“And it came to pass, when men began to multiply on the face of the earth, and daughters were born unto them. “That the sons of God saw the daughters of men that they were fair; and they took them wives of all which they chose.”

Genesis 6:1-2



“From this mysterious personage, at once a sage and a hero, all the principal sections of the Vril-ya race pretend to trace a common origin.

“The portraits are of the philosopher himself, of his grandfather, and great-grandfather. They are all at full length. The philosopher is attired in a long tunic which seems to form a loose suit of scaly armor, borrowed, perhaps, from some fish or reptile, but the feet and hands are exposed: the digits in both are wonderfully long, and webbed.

“The great-grandfather was a magnificent specimen of the Batrachian genus, a Giant Frog, pur et simple.”
-Sir Edward Bulwer-Lytton, Vril: The Power of the Coming Race, 1871
 


“Man has the right to think what he will:
to speak what he will:
to write what he will:
to draw, paint, carve, etch, mould, build as he will:
to dress as he will.”
-Aleister Crowley, Liber LXXVII
 


“Fear not at all; fear neither men nor Fates, nor gods, nor anything. Money fear not, nor laughter of the folk folly, nor any other power in heaven or upon the earth or under the earth...”
-Liber AL vel Legis, III,17
 


“Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic.”

Arthur C. Clarke

 

CONTENTS

  1. The Role of Ritual in the UFO Mystery

  2. ASHTAR - Angels, Demons or Men In Black?

  3. The Mitchell Sisters

  4. New Age or New Aeon?

  5. Enoch and Mutan Mion

  6. Who Decides What You Can Know?

  7. How to Open - or Close - A Star Gate

  8. Ritual for Calling Down Oannes

  9. The Egyptian Connection

  10. The Ultraterrestrial Origin of the Masonic Fraternity

  11. Oannes, or John the God in Freemasonic Legend

  12. The Sign of the Fish and the Fish-God From Sirius

  13. Higher Degree” Freemasonry and the Ultraterrestrial Legend

  14. The Ultraterrestrial Trail in Other Degrees

  15. The Central Password -The Dream of H1331

  16. In Summary - A Radical Revision of the History of Planet Earth

  17. The Rocket Scientist & the Guru - Stargate 1946

Return to Temas  /  Libros-Tratados


                      UFO - The Men In Black EP1

 

 

A Secret Ritual of the Illuminati, or “Frank’s Death-bed” by Jonathan Sellers,

 those present include Zecharia Sitchin, Meade Layne, Mr. Sellers, Dr. Greenfield, Aleister Crowley,

Mark Probert, Father_ACME, and, lying on the death-bed: Jacob Frank.
 

 

INTRODUCTORY REMARKS

by Jonathan Sellers

“Black is Beautiful.” - ROSIE GREER.

“Yeah, but on a Dutch Colonial house?” - JESSE WHITE.
- old television commercial, produced by Stan Freberg

WHAT are the Secret Rituals of the Men in Black, you ask yourself. Does this book actually give them away?

 

Is it an exposure, like another book of Secret Rituals that came out over three decades ago? Or other such exposures that come out every few decades, since the need arose in men’s minds to have a glimpse at the inner workings of the Secret Club? Will we become aware of just who or what the dreaded Men in Black are, where they come from, or where they spend their time?

 

In order to answer these questions, let us present some ideas that shed “further light” on these two ideas: Secret Rituals, and Men in Black.

To start, I must say that this book has not been offered anywhere before - in print, or on the web, save for a small portion of it, in the form of the chapter on Jack Parsons, which appeared on the Brother Blue site, and was carried in an early number of the Grey Lodge Occult Review in 2002, and offered in Roots of Magick: 1700 thru 2000.

 

It is with great pleasure that we offer this important work to the public.
 


Secret Rituals
Secret Rituals are Rituals that have not been exposed. The Rituals of certain organizations that have been published are no longer secret-whether we are talking about various Masonic organizations, Rosicrucian Orders, the Golden Dawn, Crowley’s

A. A., the O. T. O., T. O. P. Y., or any other. The rituals published by Morgan, by Blanchard, and others are no longer secret. Those offered for sale by Kissinger are no longer secret.

 

The rituals published by Aleister CrowleyIsrael Regardie, and Francis KingNaylor and Koenig are no longer secret. Does that mean that the efficacy is lost once the clichéd cat is let out of the proverbial bag?

Of course not.

As Allen has mentioned, in the present book, and in other places, armchair ritualizing does not make one an initiate. One must experience the Rituals in order for them to be effective. Not only that, as organizations grow and develop, the rites and practices should reflect that growth and development. Failure to Initiate is a “fatal error” - and more than one Initiate has, through the years warned the Brethren about it.

 

Fresh material needs to be infused regularly over time into the body of the organization - any organization, if its Initiation procedure is going to remain fresh, vital, and relevant to the society it exists in and which forms the base that it draws its membership from. Say it isn’t so? Look around you. Guess again.

 

NEXT!

What, then, are the Secret Rituals exposed here? For starters, this book is not so much an exposure as it is a signpost pointing the way. The way? The WAY! This is the Path. The Path involves Contact. Communication with that OTHER portion. The Other Side.

 

The claptrap of gestures, signs and handshakes, secret languages, ciphers, pass-words, mnemonic data that is supposed to be memorized so that one can pass an exam that maybe even the examiner is ignorant of, without the answer key, are all worthless unless it is realized that it is all outer trappings, devoid of any value or significance at all unless viewed in the Light of the experience of Contact.

 

What is the “Knowledge and Conversation of the Holy Guardian Angel” after all? Contact! Con-Tact!!

So, then, would it be fair to say that those Rituals which facilitate the Knowledge and Conversation of the Holy Guardian Angel, such as the “Bornless” Ritual, the Augoeides layer of the Z-2 formulae, Levi’s Conjuration of the Four and other rituals that exist along these lines - are Secret Rituals?

Even if they are in-print and exposed many times over? Yes.

What gives? Didn’t I just say that publication exposes once-held secrets and renders them ineffective? True, I did. However, there is an exception to that rule, and that has to do with a cycle of rituals that are very personal and private affairs - that involve the development of the self so that it can communicate with the Self, and achieve that Indwelling, the Day Spring from on High, as the ancients called it.

A group of people can go out to Joshua Tree (or similar popular remote places) - ingest all the entheogens they want, and do the sing-song repetition of rituals written by Somebody Else, and inflate their egos and accomplish little more. It is really necessary in this racket, to develop one’s own shtick - to forge one’s act in isolation. Such is the life of the Hermit.

Walk softly, but carry a big shtick. Such is the saying of the Mad Prophet.

To find one’s link with the Infinite, and to contact that and to communicate with it: such is the Law!

A shorthand illustration is called for here. Perhaps the most basic ritual in the Western Esoteric Tradition is the Pentagram Ritual. Lesser or Greater, it matters little. The Ritual is far more than merely a “protective circle casting” as some would have it. It facilitates Contact, if used as the basic template from which to develop the fully-blown rituals that we get in the Z-2 and other formulae.

 

It is, in effect, a form of Kawwanah, or mystical prayer-meditation employed by Kabbalists for centuries.

 

The Ritual as we have it, comes to us from the Golden Dawn cycle of rituals and knowledge lectures. However, its distant parent was the “Conjuration of the Four” published by Eliphas Levi. The Conjuration of the Four is a Ritual used by the Hermetic Brotherhood of Luxor, in its Initiation ceremonies. It, too, is a development of an earlier cycle of rituals, employed by its predecessors in the Fratres Lucis, and before that, the Asiatic Brethren.

 

These, in their turn, go back to the Gold Rosicrucians AND THE authentic Kabbalah, embodied in the teachings and practices of Jacob Frank, Sabbatai Zevi, and so forth, ultimately taking us to the dawn of Kabbalah in the Languedoc, when Isaac the Blind of Posquières and his circle achieved communication with Elijah on the Day of Atonement early in the 12th Century of the Common Era. For more on this, we recommend Allen’s book, Roots of Magick: 1700 thru 2000 - as well as some of the material to be found on the Antiquities of the Illuminati website (www.antiqillum.com)

I, too, have my own Secret Rituals. These are based upon the foundation ritual of the Western Esoteric Tradition, the Lesser Ritual of the Pentagram, as modified by Aleister Crowley. These Rituals, developed over the years, are effective, particularly since I HAVE NOT exposed them to the public, particularly to the email forum public, that splits hairs over juvenile trivia and pushes people away who may actually have more to offer at the table than the flatulence that is generally the rule of the day.

 

Such are those who make a lot of noise, and have the audacity to accuse those who have something to say of making noise but possessing no signal. In a place where the signal is dead to begin with, the old saw applies: the pot calling the kettle black.

Some of these “Secret Rituals” are exposed in part, however, in the artwork that illustrates these works, and “valuable to those who can read between the lines” - as it were.

At some point we may lift a corner of the veil to the sanctuary for a little while.
 

  The Ultimate Men In Black Documentary



Men in Black
Who, then, are the Men in Black?

 

In the context explored here, they are the great Mystery men of the Authentic Tradition, in part; and they can also be those entities or forces that show up or are summoned forth in rituals of Ceremonial Magick, in part. In addition, in the classical UFOlogy model, they are those mysterious beings that usually appear in threes, arriving out of nowhere, for the purpose of silencing those who would go public with knowledge about UFOs. UFOlogists, for the most part, do not like the Men in Black.

 

They constitute a pestilence. They create mischief. They steal pictures.

At the outset of the project I embarked upon, to make these two books of Allen’s available to the public, it was made clear that we wanted to avoid the typical stereotyping that the Men in Black get in the publishing world, on the web, in movies and so forth. So, this is not going to be that particularly delightful episode of the X-Files with the black Cadillacs appearing out of nowhere.

 

No black Cadillacs, or any other old vehicles of a similar cast. No groups of three men wearing black suits from the forties. Darn, I love those black suits. I have my own. I get into Jewish weddings and don’t have to don the yarmika! Is it any coincidence that the Magician’s clothing usually consists of a black robe, cap, and other accoutrements?

Seriously, though, there is a lineage involved. It is that which is pointed to here in this book. Sometimes it involves the classical Western personalities who get placed on the lists of saints and grand masters. Sometimes it includes other personalities. Personalities perhaps less well-known than those in the tourist literature. Personalities that are mentioned in this book, thereby allowing the interested student to research them on their own time.

A few words now, on a related subject. That subject is the “Johannite Tradition” - a tradition I have been researching, writing about and practicing for nearly fifteen years, and one which Allen has been researching, writing about and practicing for decades. Unbeknownst to each other, we have formed a very wide definition for what is termed “Johannite” - not merely the Johannism that is usually applied to an obscure Templar revival of the late 18th / early 19th centuries.

 

Our Johannism goes back to the beginnings of “contacteeism” on Planet Earth.

True, it’s been written about, but without the nomenclature, by Zecharia Sitchin in his Earth Chronicles series. We would be foolish to hold that series to be the source, however, for our research. Instead, we have drawn from the sources he employed, where we can find or gain access to them. We recognize the value of the various franchise works like that: they point to the sources.

 

We first read of the Oannes in The 12th Planet.

 

We also read of it in works on Masonry and the Western Esoteric Tradition, like Manly Palmer Hall’s Secret Teachings of All Ages, Mackenzie’s Royal Masonic Cyclopaedia, and other sources like that. Later, we ran across allusions to it in Holy Blood, Holy Grail (or works based on it, such as GENISIS, by David Wood) in reference to the Neptunian Quinotaur, the marine animal that impregnated the mother of the first Merovingian king.

 

We also came across a large amount of the source material in Shklovskii’s and Sagan’s book, Intelligent Life in the Universe; some writings of H. P. Lovecraft dealing with the rites associated with Dagon; and other things. By the time we finally obtained a copy of The Sirius Mystery, we had already seen earlier source materials. What became clear to me, and a bone of contention with many who prefer to disagree out of stubbornness, is that the names given to the Oannes, Annedotus, et al., are etymologically related to the name Jonathan, and not so much to the name John.

 

The name Jonathan meaning YAH HAS GIVEN; the name John meaning the name GOD IS GRACIOUS. We had run across the name of Jon in an apocryphal letter to a Brazilian Mason and it piqued our curiosity. Later we found that the name was important, in a different form as Dositheos, the successor of that other John - John the Baptist, and predecessor to Simon Magus, said to be the fountainhead of the Gnosis.

 

This is all familiar territory for those who have read my writings on the subject so I must write in shorthand, since this is just an introductory essay. When I obtained copies of Crowley texts that I had not possessed before my access to the internet commenced, I found that indeed, the name John was employed in a very auspicious manner in not only a “Secret Ritual” but in a Mystery Play - a Play that bears a relationship to a series of engravings and paintings, by Poussin, Madathanus, Lambert and others.

I am pleased to see that I am not the only person who has reached these conclusions - conclusions that when they were detective’s hunches seemed outrageous and far-fetched.
 


Recap

As a recap to the ideas I expressed in the first part of this introduction, namely that of the evolution of ritual, and the personalization of ritual for the purpose of achieving that contact, I can say that Qadosh: the Johannite Tradition, is truly one of those Secret Rituals, and a key teaching to those who seek to find their place in the scheme of things pertaining to “the Path”.

 

That should tie together the two concepts nicely, and whet your appetite for that which follows, so....

 

Fall to!

Jonathan Sellers

12 October 2005 c.e.

Twin Cedars Lodge.
 

Thanks
A word of thanks goes out to all who have assisted and guided me on this Journey, as well as to those who have assisted me during the design and typesetting of these books, your name is Legion.

 

Finally, to Allen Greenfield, for encouraging this work and asking me to present these books.

Samples of purported Ultraterrestrial messages

bear a marked resemblance to Enochian and Masonic ciphers.


Back to Contents

 

 

 

 

INTRODUCTION

“To order. Sir Knights, the mystery which unites us is a mystery of mourning and sadness. From the debris which escaped the great universal cataclysm, the sacred deposit of our traditions has perished; science has flown towards the heavens and the word is lost.”
Opening of the Chapter of Rose Croix, Rite of Memphis

“Conduct the Aspirant…that he may be instructed in our Secret Cypher, after which let him be seated.”
Grand Pontifi, Secret Ritual of the 64° “Sage of Mythras”, Masonic Rite of Memphis

FOR skeptics and believers alike, the secret rituals of occultism, and later, of trance mediumship, have always been something of a puzzle. In the early 19th Century one Captain Morgan revealed some of these secrets to the world, and was apparently executed for doing so. The scandal thus set in motion resulted for a time in the Anti-Masonic Party becoming the second largest political party in the United States.

Surprisingly, the rituals Morgan (and later others) revealed disclosed little more, on the surface, than simple morality plays which climaxed with the communication of certain secret words and gestures, of no obvious importance. Yet, the communication of these secrets took place only after the candidates for admission swore an oath of secrecy, often accompanied with dire threats for betrayal.

The Masonic degrees, those of the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn and other, similar ceremonial bodies seemed hardly to justify such threats, viewed in the cold light of day. We find the same pattern emerging in trance mediumship and UFO contacteeism where, with much fanfare, ‘spirits’ or ‘aliens’ emerge from spaceships or from The Great Beyond to tell percipients merely their names and where they came from. If there is any ‘message’ at all, it usually consisted of advice to live in peace.

The reason for all these profoundly bizarre goings-on became apparent only when we “cracked” the key secret cipher used in such rituals and spontaneous encounters. Once realized, a bizarre design, previously suspected by only a few diverse researchers working in widely differing fields, was fully exposed. It revealed an intricate worldwide pattern of communication between Ultraterrestrial Forces almost totally beyond our comprehension and human adepts, stretching from remote antiquity to the present moment.

The real question should be,

“Why wasn’t this obvious far earlier than our present discoveries?”

Freemasonry - particularly so-called ‘fringe’ Freemasonry such as that of various Egyptian Rites and its predecessors in Rosicrucian Occultism and the Ancient Mystery Religions always offered a series of graded initiations, including secret words and cipher languages, and an altogether unique view of the universe.

 

The emphasis was on the relationship between humanity and Higher Powers, the Stars, and a Supreme Force sometimes referred to as the “Architect of all worlds”.

 

The mythic plays and planetary origin stories all seem to have a double meaning, and that meaning is hidden in the secret pass words and strange names (and strange spellings of conventional names), which were, in fact, coded messages. These messages spoke of Aeons-old communication between human and Ultraterrestrial forces warring for control of the Earth.

Monday, October 24, 2022

10/23/2022 Darkbird18 Ugly UFO/UAP Research -CIA's Role in the Study of UFOs, 1947-90 and "How Stuff Woks"-UFO History Aliens and UFOs

 Source: Studies In Intelligence Vol. 01 No. 1, 1997

A Die-Hard Issue



CIA's Role in the Study of UFOs, 1947-90

Gerald K. Haines






An extraordinary 95 percent of all Americans have at least heard or read something about Unidentified Flying Objects (UFOs), and 57 percent believe they are real. (1) Former US Presidents Carter and Reagan claim to have seen a UFO. UFOlogists--a neologism for UFO buffs--and private UFO organizations are found throughout the United States. Many are convinced that the US Government, and particularly the CIA, are engaged in a massive conspiracy and coverup of the issue. The idea that the CIA has secretly concealed its research into UFOs has been a major theme of UFO buffs since the modern UFO phenomena emerged in the late 1940s. (2)

In late 1993, after being pressured by UFOlogists the release additional CIA information on UFOs, (3) DCI R. James Woolsey ordered another review of all Agency files on UFOs. Using CIA records compiled from that review, this study traces CIA interest and involvement in the UFO controversy from the late 1940s to 1990. It chronologically examines the Agency's efforts to solve the mystery of UFOs, its programs that had an impact on UFO sightings, and its attempts to conceal CIA involvement in the entire UFO issue. What emerges from this examination is that, while Agency concern over UFOs was substantial until the early 1950s, the CIA has since paid only limited and peripheral attention to the phenomena.

Background

The emergence in 1947 of the Cold War confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union also saw the first wave of UFO sightings. The first report of a "flying saucer" over the United States came on 24 June 1947, when Kenneth Arnold, a private pilot, and reputable businessman, while looking for a downed plane sighted nine disk-shaped objects near Mt. Rainier, Washington, traveling at an estimated speed of over 1,000 mph. Arnold's report was followed by a flood of additional sightings, including reports from military and civilian pilots and air traffic controllers all over the United States. (4) In 1948, Air Force Gen. Nathan Twining, head of the Air Technical Service Command, established Project SIGN (initially named Project SAUCER) to collect, collate, evaluate, and distribute within the government all information relating to such sightings, on the premise that UFOs might be real and of national security concern. (5)

The Technical Intelligence Division of the Air Material Command (AMC) at Wright Field (later Wright-Patterson Air Force Base) in Dayton, Ohio, assumed control of Project SIGN and began its work on 23 January 1948. Although at first fearful that the objects might be Soviet secret weapons, the Air Force soon concluded that UFOs were real but easily explained and not extraordinary. The Air Force report found that almost all sightings stemmed from one or more of three causes: mass hysteria and hallucination, hoax, or misinterpretation of known objects. Nevertheless, the report recommended continued military intelligence control over the investigation of all sightings and did not rule out the possibility of extraterrestrial phenomena. (6)

Amid mounting UFO sightings, the Air Force continued to collect and evaluate UFO data in the late 1940s under a new project, GRUDGE, which tried to alleviate public anxiety over UFOs via a public relations campaign designed to persuade the public that UFOs constituted nothing unusual or extraordinary. UFO sightings were explained as balloons, conventional aircraft, planets, meteors, optical illusions, solar reflections, or even "large hailstones." GRUDGE officials found no evidence in UFO sightings of advanced foreign weapons design or development, and they concluded that UFOs did not threaten US security. They recommended that the project be reduced in scope because the very existence of Air Force official interest encouraged people to believe in UFOs and contributed to a "war hysteria" atmosphere. On 27 December 1949, the Air Force announced the project's termination. (7)

With increased Cold War tensions, the Korean war, and continued UFO sightings, USAF Director of Intelligence Maj. Gen. Charles P. Cabell ordered a new UFO project in 1952. Project BLUE BOOK became the major Air Force effort to study the UFO phenomenon throughout the 1950s and 1960s. (8) The task of identifying and explaining UFOs continued to fall on the Air Material Command at Wright-Patterson. With a small staff, the Air Technical Intelligence Center (ATIC) tried to persuade the public that UFOs were not extraordinary. (9) Projects SIGN, GRUDGE, and BLUE BOOK set the tone for the official US Government position regarding UFOs for the next 30 years.

Early CIA Concerns, 1947-52

CIA closely monitored the Air Force effort, aware of the mounting number of sightings and increasingly concerned that UFOs might pose a potential security threat. (10) Given the distribution of the sightings, CIA officials in 1952 questioned whether they might reflect "midsummer madness.'' (11) Agency officials accepted the Air Force's conclusions about UFO reports, although they concluded that "since there is a remote possibility that they may be interplanetary aircraft, it is necessary to investigate each sighting." (12)

A massive buildup of sightings over the United States in 1952, especially in July, alarmed the Truman administration. On 19 and 20 July, radar scopes at Washington National Airport and Andrews Air Force Base tracked mysterious blips. On 27 July, the blips reappeared. The Air Force scrambled interceptor aircraft to investigate, but they found nothing. The incidents, however, caused headlines across the country. The White House wanted to know what was happening, and the Air Force quickly offered the explanation that the radar blips might be the result of "temperature inversions." Later, a Civil Aeronautics Administration investigation confirmed that such radar blips were quite common and were caused by temperature inversions. (13)

Although it had monitored UFO reports for at least three years, CIA reacted to the new rash of sightings by forming a special study group within the Office of Scientific Intelligence (OSI) and the Office of Current Intelligence (OCI) to review the situation. (14) Edward Tauss, acting chief of OSI's Weapons and Equipment Division, reported to the group that most UFO sightings could be easily explained. Nevertheless, he recommended that the Agency continue monitoring the problem, in coordination with ATIC. He also urged that the CIA conceal its interest from the media and the public, "in view of their probable alarmist tendencies" to accept such interest as confirming the existence of UFOs. (15)



Upon receiving the report, Deputy Director for Intelligence (DDI) Robert Amory, Jr. assigned responsibility for the UFO investigations to OSI's Physics and Electronics Division, with A. Ray Gordon as the officer in charge. (16) Each branch in the division was to contribute to the investigation, and Gordon was to coordinate closely with ATIC. Amory, who asked the group to focus on the national security implications of UFOs, was relaying DCI Walter Bedell Smith's concerns. (17) Smith wanted to know whether or not the Air Force investigation of flying saucers was sufficiently objective and how much more money and manpower would be necessary to determine the cause of the small percentage of unexplained flying saucers. Smith believed "there was only one chance in 10,000 that the phenomenon posed a threat to the security of the country, but even that chance could not be taken." According to Smith, it was the CIA's responsibility by statute to coordinate the intelligence effort required to solve the problem. Smith also wanted to know what use could be made of the UFO phenomenon in connection with US psychological warfare efforts. (18)

Led by Gordon, the CIA Study Group met with Air Force officials at Wright-Patterson and reviewed their data and findings. The Air Force claimed that 90 percent of the reported sightings were easily accounted for. The other 10 percent were characterized as "a number of incredible reports from credible observers." The Air Force rejected the theories that the sightings involved US or Soviet secret weapons development or that they involved "men from Mars"; there was no evidence to support these concepts. The Air Force briefers sought to explain these UFO reports as the misinterpretation of known objects or little-understood natural phenomena. (19) Air Force and CIA officials agreed that outside knowledge of Agency interest in UFOs would make the problem more serious. (20) This concealment of CIA interest contributed greatly to later charges of a CIA conspiracy and coverup.

Amateur photographs of alleged UFOs

Passoria, New Jersey, 31 July 1952

Sheffield, England, 4 March 1962
& Minneapolis, Minnesota, 20 October 1960

The CIA Study Group also searched the Soviet press for UFO reports, but found none, causing the group to conclude that the absence of reports had to have been the result of deliberate Soviet Government policy. The group also envisioned the USSR's possible use of UFOs as a psychological warfare tool. In addition, they worried that, if the US air warning system should be deliberately overloaded by UFO sightings, the Soviets might gain a surprise advantage in any nuclear attack. (21)

Because of the tense Cold War situation and increased Soviet capabilities, the CIA Study Group saw serious national security concerns in the flying saucer situation. The group believed that the Soviets could use UFO reports to touch off mass hysteria and panic in the United States. The group also believed that the Soviets might use UFO sightings to overload the US air warning system so that it could not distinguish real targets from phantom UFOs. H. Marshall Chadwell, Assistant Director of OSI, added that he considered the problem of such importance "that it should be brought to the attention of the National Security Council, in order that a communitywide coordinated effort towards it solution may be initiated." (22)

Chadwell briefed DCI Smith on the subject of UFOs in December 1952. He urged action because he was convinced that "something was going on that must have immediate attention" and that "sightings of unexplained objects at great altitudes and traveling at high speeds in the vicinity of major US defense installations are of such nature that they are not attributable to natural phenomena or known types of aerial vehicles." He drafted a memorandum from the DCI to the National Security Council (NSC) and a proposed NSC Directive establishing the investigation of UFOs as a priority project throughout the intelligence and defense research and development community. (23) Chadwell also urged Smith to establish an external research project of top-level scientists to study the problem of UFOs. (24) After this briefing, Smith directed DDI Amory to prepare an NSC Intelligence Directive (NSCID) for submission to the NSC on the need to continue the investigation of UFOs and to coordinate such investigations with the Air Force. (25)

The Robertson Panel, 1952-53



On 4 December 1952, the Intelligence Advisory Committee (IAC) took up the issue of UFOs. (26) Amory, as acting chairman, presented DCI Smith's request to the committee that it informally discuss the subject of UFOs. Chadwell then briefly reviewed the situation and the active program of the ATIC relating to UFOs. The committee agreed that the DCI should "enlist the services of selected scientists to review and appraise the available evidence in the light of pertinent scientific theories" and draft an NSCID on the subject. (27) Maj. Gen. John A. Samford, Director of Air Force Intelligence, offered full cooperation. (28)

At the same time, Chadwell looked into British efforts in this area. He learned the British also were active in studying the UFO phenomena. An eminent British scientist, R. V. Jones, headed a standing committee created in June 1951 on flying saucers. Jones' and his committee's conclusions on UFOs were similar to those of Agency officials: the sightings were not enemy aircraft but misrepresentations of natural phenomena. The British noted, however, that during a recent air show RAF pilots and senior military officials had observed a "perfect flying saucer." Given the press response, according to the officer, Jones was having a most difficult time trying to correct public opinion regarding UFOs. The public was convinced they were real. (29)

In January 1953, Chadwell and H. P. Robertson, a noted physicist from the California Institute of Technology, put together a distinguished panel of nonmilitary scientists to study the UFO issue. It included Robertson as chairman; Samuel A. Goudsmit, a nuclear physicist from the Brookhaven National Laboratories; Luis Alvarez, a high-energy physicist; Thornton Page, the deputy director of the Johns Hopkins Operations Research Office and an expert on radar and electronics; and Lloyd Berkner, a director of the Brookhaven National Laboratories and a specialist in geophysics. (30)

The charge to the panel was to review the available evidence on UFOs and to consider the possible dangers of the phenomena to US national security. The panel met from 14 to 17 January 1953. It reviewed Air Force data on UFO case histories and, after spending 12 hours studying the phenomena, declared that reasonable explanations could be suggested for most, if not all, sightings. For example, after reviewing motion-picture film taken of a UFO sighting near Tremonton, Utah, on 2 July 1952 and one near Great Falls, Montana, on 15 August 1950, the panel concluded that the images on the Tremonton film were caused by sunlight reflecting off seagulls and that the images at Great Falls were sunlight reflecting off the surface of two Air Force interceptors. (31)

The panel concluded unanimously that there was no evidence of a direct threat to national security in the UFO sightings. Nor could the panel find any evidence that the objects sighted might be extraterrestrials. It did find that continued emphasis on UFO reporting might threaten "the orderly functioning" of the government by clogging the channels of communication with irrelevant reports and by inducing "hysterical mass behavior" harmful to constituted authority. The panel also worried that potential enemies contemplating an attack on the United States might exploit the UFO phenomena and use them to disrupt US air defenses. (32)




To meet these problems, the panel recommended that the National Security Council debunk UFO reports and institute a policy of public education to reassure the public of the lack of evidence behind UFOs. It suggested using the mass media, advertising, business clubs, schools, and even the Disney corporation to get the message across. Reporting at the height of McCarthyism, the panel also recommended that such private UFO groups as the Civilian Flying Saucer Investigators in Los Angeles and the Aerial Phenomena Research Organization in Wisconsin be monitored for subversive activities. (33)

The Robertson panel's conclusions were strikingly similar to those of the earlier Air Force project reports on SIGN and GRUDGE and to those of the CIA's own OSI Study Group. All investigative groups found that UFO reports indicated no direct threat to national security and no evidence of visits by extraterrestrials.

Following the Robertson panel findings, the Agency abandoned efforts to draft an NSCID on UFOs. (34) The Scientific Advisory Panel on UFOs (the Robertson panel) submitted its report to the IAC, the Secretary of Defense, the Director of the Federal Civil Defense Administration, and the Chairman of the National Security Resources Board. CIA officials said no further consideration of the subject appeared warranted, although they continued to monitor sightings in the interest of national security. Philip Strong and Fred Durant from OSI also briefed the Office of National Estimates on the findings. (35) CIA officials wanted knowledge of any Agency interest in the subject of flying saucers carefully restricted, noting not only that the Robertson panel report was classified but also that any mention of CIA sponsorship of the panel was forbidden. This attitude would later cause the Agency major problems relating to its credibility. (36)

The 1950s: Fading CIA Interest in UFOs

After the report of the Robertson panel, Agency officials put the entire issue of UFOs on the back burner. In May 1953, Chadwell transferred chief responsibility for keeping abreast of UFOs to OSI's Physics and Electronic Division, while the Applied Science Division continued to provide any necessary support. (37) Todos M. Odarenko, chief of the Physics and Electronics Division, did not want to take on the problem, contending that it would require too much of his division's analytic and clerical time. Given the findings of the Robertson panel, he proposed to consider the project "inactive" and to devote only one analyst part-time and a file clerk to maintain a reference file of the activities of the Air Force and other agencies on UFOs. Neither the Navy nor the Army showed much interest in UFOs, according to Odarenko. (38)

A nonbeliever in UFOs, Odarenko sought to have his division relieved of the responsibility for monitoring UFO reports. In 1955, for example, he recommended that the entire project be terminated because no new information concerning UFOs had surfaced. Besides, he argued, his division was facing a serious budget reduction and could not spare the resources. (39) Chadwell and other Agency officials, however, continued to worry about UFOs. Of special concern were overseas reports of UFO sightings and claims that German engineers held by the Soviets were developing a "flying saucer" as a future weapon of war. (40)

To most US political and military leaders, the Soviet Union by the mid-1950s had become a dangerous opponent. Soviet progress in nuclear weapons and guided missiles was particularly alarming. In the summer of 1949, the USSR detonated an atomic bomb. In August 1953, only nine months after the United States tested a hydrogen bomb, the Soviets detonated one. In the spring of 1953, a top-secret RAND Corporation study also pointed out the vulnerability of SAC bases to a surprise attack by Soviet long-range bombers. Concern over the danger of a Soviet attack on the United States continued to grow, and UFO sightings added to the uneasiness of US policymakers.

Mounting reports of UFOs over eastern Europe and Afghanistan also prompted concern that the Soviets were making rapid progress in this area. CIA officials knew that the British and Canadians were already experimenting with "flying saucers." Project Y was a Canadian-British-US developmental operation to produce a nonconventional flying-saucer-type aircraft, and Agency officials feared the Soviets were testing similar devices. (41)

Adding to the concern was a flying saucer sighting by US Senator Richard Russell and his party while traveling on a train in the USSR in October 1955. After extensive interviews of Russell and his group, however, CIA officials concluded that Russell's sighting did not support the theory that the Soviets had developed saucerlike or unconventional aircraft. Herbert Scoville, Jr., the Assistant Director of OSI, wrote that the objects observed probably were normal jet aircraft in a steep climb. (42)

Wilton E. Lexow, head of the CIA's Applied Sciences Division, was also skeptical. He questioned why the Soviets were continuing to develop conventional-type aircraft if they had a "flying saucer." (43) Scoville asked Lexow to assume responsibility for fully assessing the capabilities and limitations of nonconventional aircraft and to maintain the OSI central file on the subject of UFOs.

CIA's U-2 and OXCART as UFOs


In November 1954, the CIA entered into the world of high technology with its U-2 overhead reconnaissance project. Working with Lockheed's Advanced Development facility in Burbank, California, known as the Skunk Works, and Kelly Johnson, an eminent aeronautical engineer, the Agency by August 1955 was testing a high-altitude experimental aircraft--the U-2. It could fly at 60,000 feet; in the mid-1950s, most commercial airliners flew between 10,000 feet and 20,000 feet. Consequently, once the U-2 started test flights, commercial pilots and air traffic controllers began reporting a large increase in UFO sightings. (44) (U)

The early U-2s were silver (they were later painted black) and reflected the rays from the sun, especially at sunrise and sunset. They often appeared as fiery objects to observers below. Air Force BLUE BOOK investigators aware of the secret U-2 flights tried to explain away such sightings by linking them to natural phenomena such as ice crystals and temperature inversions. By checking with the Agency's U-2 Project Staff in Washington, BLUE BOOK investigators were able to attribute many UFO sightings to U-2 flights. They were careful, however, not to reveal the true cause of the sighting to the public.

According to later estimates from CIA officials who worked on the U-2 project and the OXCART (SR-71, or Blackbird) project, over half of all UFO reports from the late 1950s through the 1960s were accounted for by manned reconnaissance flights (namely the U-2) over the United States. (45) This led the Air Force to make misleading and deceptive statements to the public in order to allay public fears and protect an extraordinarily sensitive national security project. While perhaps justified, this deception added fuel to the later conspiracy theories and the coverup controversy of the 1970s. The percentage of what the Air Force considered unexplained UFO sightings fell to 5.9 percent in 1955 and to 4 percent in 1956. (46)

At the same time, the pressure was building for the release of the Robertson panel report on UFOs. In 1956, Edward Ruppelt, former head of the Air Force BLUE BOOK project, publicly revealed the existence of the panel. A best-selling book by UFOlogist Donald Keyhoe, a retired Marine Corps major, advocated the release of all government information relating to UFOs. Civilian UFO groups such as the National Investigations Committee on Aerial Phenomena (NICAP) and the Aerial Phenomena Research Organization (APRO) immediately pushed for the release of the Robertson panel report. (47) Under pressure, the Air Force approached the CIA for permission to declassify and release the report. Despite such pressure, Philip Strong, Deputy Assistant Director of OSI, refused to declassify the report and declined to disclose CIA sponsorship of the panel. As an alternative, the Agency prepared a sanitized version of the report which deleted any reference to the CIA and avoided mention of any psychological warfare potential in the UFO controversy. (48)


The demands, however, for more government information about UFOs did not let up. On 8 March 1958, Keyhoe, in an interview with Mike Wallace of CBS, claimed deep CIA involvement with UFOs and Agency sponsorship of the Robertson panel. This prompted a series of letters to the Agency from Keyhoe and Dr. Leon Davidson, a chemical engineer and UFOlogist. They demanded the release of the full Robertson panel report and confirmation of CIA involvement in the UFO issue. Davidson had convinced himself that the Agency, not the Air Force, carried most of the responsibility for UFO analysis and that "the activities of the US Government are responsible for the flying saucer sightings of the last decade." Indeed, because of the undisclosed U-2 and OXCART flights, Davidson was closer to the truth than he suspected. CI nevertheless held firm to its policy of not revealing its role in UFO investigations and refused to declassify the full Robertson panel report. (49)

In a meeting with Air Force representatives to discuss how to handle future inquiries such as Keyhoe's and Davidson's, Agency officials confirmed their opposition to the declassification of the full report and worried that Keyhoe had the ear of former DCI VAdm. Roscoe Hillenkoetter, who served on the board of governors of NICAP. They debated whether to have CIA General Counsel Lawrence R. Houston show Hillenkoetter the report as a possible way to defuse the situation. CIA officer Frank Chapin also hinted that Davidson might have ulterior motives, "some of them perhaps not in the best interest of this country," and suggested bringing in the FBI to investigate. (50) Although the record is unclear whether the FBI ever instituted an investigation of Davidson or Keyhoe, or whether Houston ever saw Hillenkoetter about the Robertson report, Hillenkoetter did resign from the NICAP in 1962. (51)

The Agency was also involved with Davidson and Keyhoe in two rather famous UFO cases in the 1950s, which helped contribute to a growing sense of public distrust of the CIA with regard to UFOs. One focused on what was reported to have been a tape recording of a radio signal from a flying saucer; the other on reported photographs of a flying saucer. The "radio code" incident began innocently enough in 1955, when two elderly sisters in Chicago, Mildred and Marie Maier, reported in the Journal of Space Flight their experiences with UFOs, including the recording of a radio program in which an unidentified code was reportedly heard. The sisters taped the program and other ham radio operators also claimed to have heard the "space message." OSI became interested and asked the Scientific Contact Branch to obtain a copy of the recording. (52)

Field officers from the Contact Division (CD), one of whom was Dewalt Walker, made contact with the Maier sisters, who were "thrilled that the government was interested," and set up a time to meet with them. (53) In trying to secure the tape recording, the Agency officers reported that they had stumbled upon a scene from Arsenic and Old Lace. "The only thing lacking was the elderberry wine," Walker cabled Headquarters. After reviewing the sisters' scrapbook of clippings from their days on the stage, the officers secured a copy of the recording. (54) OSI analyzed the tape and found it was nothing more than Morse code from a US radio station.

The matter rested there until UFOlogist Leon Davidson talked with the Maier sisters in 1957. The sisters remembered they had talked with a Mr. Walker who said he was from the US Air Force. Davidson then wrote to Mr. Walker, believing him to be a US Air Force Intelligence Officer from Wright-Patterson, to ask if the tape had been analyzed at ATIC. Dewalt Walker replied to Davidson that the tape had been forwarded to proper authorities for evaluation, and no information was available concerning the results. Not satisfied, and suspecting that Walker was really a CIA officer, Davidson next wrote DCI Allen Dulles demanding to learn what the coded message revealed and who Mr. Walker was. (55) The Agency, wanting to keep Walker's identity as a CIA employee secret, replied that another agency of the government had analyzed the tape in question and that Davidson would be hearing from the Air Force. (56) On 5 August, the Air Force wrote Davidson saying that Walker "was and is an Air Force Officer" and that the tape "was analyzed by another government organization." The Air Force letter confirmed that the recording contained only identifiable Morse code which came from a known US-licensed radio station. (57)

Davidson wrote Dulles again. This time he wanted to know the identity of the Morse operator and of the agency that had conducted the analysis. CIA and the Air Force were now in a quandary. The Agency had previously denied that it had actually analyzed the tape. The Air Force had also denied analyzing the tape and claimed that Walker was an Air Force officer. CIA officers, under cover, contacted Davidson in Chicago and promised to get the code translation and the identification of the transmitter, if possible. (58)

In another attempt to pacify Davidson, a CIA officer, again under cover and wearing his Air Force uniform, contacted Davidson in New York City. The CIA officer explained that there was no super agency involved and that Air Force policy was not to disclose who was doing what. While seeming to accept this argument, Davidson nevertheless pressed for disclosure of the recording message and the source. The officer agreed to see what he could do. (59) After checking with Headquarters, the CIA officer phoned Davidson to report that a thorough check had been made and, because the signal was of known US origin, the tape and the notes made at the time had been destroyed to conserve file space. (60)

Incensed over what he perceived was a runaround, Davidson told the CIA officer that "he and his agency, whichever it was, were acting like Jimmy Hoffa and the Teamster Union in destroying records which might indict them." (61) Believing that any more contact with Davidson would only encourage more speculation, the Contact Division washed its hands of the issue by reporting to the DCI and to ATIC that it would not respond to or try to contact Davidson again. (62) Thus, a minor, rather bizarre incident, handled poorly by both the CIA and the Air Force, turned into a major flap that added fuel to the growing mystery surrounding UFOs and the CIA's role in their investigation.

Another minor flap a few months later added to the growing questions surrounding the Agency's true role with regard to flying saucers. CIA's concern over secrecy again made matters worse. In 1958, Major Keyhoe charged that the Agency was deliberately asking eyewitnesses of UFOs not to make their sightings public. (63)

The incident stemmed from a November 1957 request from OSI to the CD to obtain from Ralph C. Mayher, a photographer for KYW-TV in Cleveland, Ohio, certain photographs he took in 1952 of an unidentified flying object. Harry Real, a CD officer, contacted Mayher and obtained copies of the photographs for analysis. On 12 December 1957, John Hazen, another CD officer, returned the five photographs of the alleged UFO to Mayher without comment. Mayher asked Hazen for the Agency's evaluation of the photos, explaining that he was trying to organize a TV program to brief the public on UFOs. He wanted to mention on the show that a US intelligence organization had viewed the photographs and thought them of interest. Although he advised Mayher not to take this approach, Hazen stated that Mayher was a US citizen and would have to make his own decision as to what to do. (64)

Keyhoe later contacted Mayher, who told him his story of the CIA and the photographs. Keyhoe then asked the Agency to confirm Hazen's employment in writing, in an effort to expose the CIA's role in UFO investigations. The Agency refused, despite the fact that CD field representatives were normally overt and carried credentials identifying their Agency association. DCI Dulles's aide, John S. Earman, merely sent Keyhoe a noncommittal letter noting that, because UFOs were of primary concern to the Department of the Air Force, the Agency had referred his letter to the Air Force for an appropriate response. Like the response to Davidson, the Agency's reply to Keyhoe only fueled the speculation that the Agency was deeply involved in UFO sightings. Pressure for the release of CIA information on UFOs continued to grow. (65)

Although the CIA had a declining interest in UFO cases, it continued to monitor UFO sightings. Agency officials felt the need to keep informed on UFOs if only to alert the DCI to the more sensational UFO reports and flaps. (66)

The 1960s: Declining CIA Involvement and Mounting Controversy

In the early 1960s, Keyhoe, Davidson, and other UFOlogists maintained their assault on the Agency for the release of UFO information. Davidson now claimed that CIA "was solely responsible for creating the Flying Saucer furor as a tool for cold war psychological warfare since 1951." Despite calls for Congressional hearings and the release of all materials relating to UFOs, little changed. (67)

In 1964, however, following high-level White House discussions on what to do if an alien intelligence was discovered in space and a new outbreak of UFO reports and sightings, DCI John McCone asked for an updated CIA evaluation of UFOs. Responding to McCone's request, OSI asked the CD to obtain various recent samples and reports of UFO sightings from NICAP. With Keyhoe, one of the founders, no longer active in the organization, CIA officers met with Richard H. Hall, the acting director. Hall gave the officers samples from the NICAP database on the most recent sightings. (68)

After OSI officers had reviewed the material, Donald F. Chamberlain, OSI Assistant Director, assured McCone that little had changed since the early 1950s. There was still no evidence that UFOs were a threat to the security of the United States or that they were of "foreign origin." Chamberlain told McCone that OSI still monitored UFO reports, including the official Air Force investigation, Project BLUE BOOK. (69)

At the same time that the CIA was conducting this latest internal review of UFOs, public pressure forced the Air Force to establish a special ad hoc committee to review BLUE BOOK. Chaired by Dr. Brian O'Brien, a member of the Air Force Scientific Advisory Board, the panel included Carl Sagan, the famous astronomer from Cornell University. Its report offered nothing new. It declared that UFOs did not threaten national security and that it could find "no UFO case which represented technological or scientific advances outside of a terrestrial framework." The committee did recommend that UFOs be studied intensively, with a leading university acting as a coordinator for the project, to settle the issue conclusively. (70)

The House Armed Services Committee also held brief hearings on UFOs in 1966 that produced similar results. Secretary of the Air Force Harold Brown assured the committee that most sightings were easily explained and that there was no evidence that "strangers from outer space" had been visiting Earth. He told the committee members, however, that the Air Force would keep an open mind and continue to investigate all UFO reports. (71)

Following the report of its O'Brien Committee, the House hearings on UFOs, and Dr. Robertson's disclosure on a CBS Reports program that the CIA indeed had been involved in UFO analysis, the Air Force in July 1966 again approached the Agency for declassification of the entire Robertson panel report of 1953 and the full Durant report on the Robertson panel deliberations and findings. The Agency again refused to budge. Karl H. Weber, Deputy Director of OSI, wrote the Air Force that "We are most anxious that further publicity not be given to the information that the panel was sponsored by the CIA." Weber noted that there was already a sanitized version available to the public. (72) Weber's response was rather shortsighted and ill-considered. It only drew more attention to the 13-year-old Robertson panel report and the CIA's role in the investigation of UFOs. The science editor of The Saturday Review drew nationwide attention to the CIA's role in investigating UFOs when he published an article criticizing the "sanitized version" of the 1953 Robertson panel report and called for the release of the entire document. (73)